History of positive discrimination in education

Affirmative action policy was introduced in the 1960s to promote equal access to education and employment opportunities for women and ethnic minorities. 1961, President John f. Kennedy has introduced the concept, but policies took shape, and was under President Lyndon Johnson b. implemented in the 1960s. It was originally designed as a temporary measure to leveling the playing field and address areas of discrimination, which improperly treated were civil rights with other areas of law. Affirmative action in the upper EducationAffirmative higher education strategies to equal access to college admissions, scholarships and financial aid. President Johnson articulated philosophy of affirmative action in a 1965 speech at Howard University. "We are looking not only the freedom and opportunity - equity not only legal but human capacities - not only equality as a right and a theory, but equality as fact and accordingly" he said.Charges DiscriminationControversy affirmative action policy mounted with accusations of reverse discrimination. In the case of the Supreme Court 1978 University of California vs. Bakke, a man named Allan Bakke white claims because it twice by the Faculty of medicine, was rejected were reverse discrimination while less qualified minority students to fill a quota that require every 100 capacity 18 minorities filled are allowed. The Supreme Court ruled against the systems of rigid quotas, but prohibits not affirmative action as a whole.Ongoing DebateThroughout of 80's and the controversy surrounded, affirmative action then, dealing with details in specific cases and hook with the largest political courts of 90's. LES conservative felt that positive measuresmen no minority students into account and contradicted their values "hoist itself through the bootstrap", while the Liberals claimed that the effects of centuries of slavery and segregation laws that easily could be overcome Jim Crow and the action necessary forward.Proposition 209In Positiveétait 1996 to move California passed proposal 209, the public sector, including universities State says affirmative action policies, that the State will give not "preferential", based on race, sex or national origin banned has. In the next four years, Washington and Florida past similar initiatives.The CASEN at the University of Michigan 2003, the Court of Justice of the legality of the affirmative confirmed action in college admissions in opposing quota systems in both the University of Michigan, Gratz and Viganã² v. Bollinger vs.. Bollinger yet. He found that affirmative action "a compelling interest in obtaining the pedagogical benefits a diverse student body." is the goal of the policy of positive discrimination is moved to eliminate the injustice of promoting values of diversity.